Golang如何实现简单的API网关

互联网 20-8-31

下面由Golang教程栏目给大家介绍Golang实现简单的API网关的方法 ,希望对需要的朋友有所帮助!

在最近的一个项目中,采用了微服务架构-go-kit进行后端的开发。在微服务架构风格中,一个大应用被拆分成为了多个小的服务系统提供出来,这些小的系统他们可以自成体系,也就是说这些小系统可以拥有自己的数据库,框架甚至语言等,因此我们需要设计一个API 网关(API Gataway),其实网上已经有较多现成的实现框架,但是本项目的需求是比较简单的,因此将使用Golang自行实现。

实现

API网关是一个服务器,是系统的唯一入口。从面向对象设计的角度看,它与外观模式类似。API网关封装了系统内部架构,为每个客户端提供一个定制的API。它可能还具有其它职责,如身份验证、监控、负载均衡、缓存、请求分片与管理、静态响应处理。

用于实现API网关的技术有很多,大致分为这么几类:

  • 通用反向代理:NginxHaproxy、……
  • 网络编程框架:NettyServlet、……
  • API网关框架:Spring Cloud GatewayZuulZuul2、……

API网关最基本的功能就是反向代理。其实现方式有很多,本文将基于标准库net/http/httputil包中的ReverseProxy类型来实现实现一个简单的反向代理。反向代理的实现主要涉及到func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxytype ReverseProxy

func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxy
// NewSingleHostReverseProxy returns a new ReverseProxy that routes// URLs to the scheme, host, and base path provided in target. If the// target's path is "/base" and the incoming request was for "/dir",// the target request will be for /base/dir.// NewSingleHostReverseProxy does not rewrite the Host header.// To rewrite Host headers, use ReverseProxy directly with a custom// Director policy.func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxy { 	targetQuery := target.RawQuery 	director := func(req *http.Request) { 		req.URL.Scheme = target.Scheme 		req.URL.Host = target.Host 		req.URL.Path = singleJoiningSlash(target.Path, req.URL.Path) 		if targetQuery == "" || req.URL.RawQuery == "" { 			req.URL.RawQuery = targetQuery + req.URL.RawQuery		} else { 			req.URL.RawQuery = targetQuery + "&" + req.URL.RawQuery		} 		if _, ok := req.Header["User-Agent"]; !ok { 			// explicitly disable User-Agent so it's not set to default value 			req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "") 		} 	} 	return &ReverseProxy{Director: director}}

NewSingleHostReverseProxy返回一个新的ReverseProxy,将URLs请求路由到targe的指定的scheme, host, base path

// ReverseProxy is an HTTP Handler that takes an incoming request and// sends it to another server, proxying the response back to the// client.type ReverseProxy struct { 	// Director must be a function which modifies 	// the request into a new request to be sent 	// using Transport. Its response is then copied 	// back to the original client unmodified. 	// Director must not access the provided Request 	// after returning. 	Director func(*http.Request)  	Transport http.RoundTripper  	FlushInterval time.Duration  	ErrorLog *log.Logger  	BufferPool BufferPool	// ModifyResponse is an optional function that modifies the 	// Response from the backend. It is called if the backend 	// returns a response at all, with any HTTP status code. 	// If the backend is unreachable, the optional ErrorHandler is 	// called without any call to ModifyResponse. 	// 	// If ModifyResponse returns an error, ErrorHandler is called 	// with its error value. If ErrorHandler is nil, its default 	// implementation is used. 	ModifyResponse func(*http.Response) error  	ErrorHandler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, error)}

ReverseProxy类型有两个重要的属性,分别是DirectorModifyResponse,这两个属性都是函数类型,在接收到客户端请求时,ServeHTTP函数首先调用Director函数对接受到的请求体进行修改,例如修改请求的目标地址、请求头等;然后使用修改后的请求体发起新的请求,接收到响应后,调用ModifyResponse函数对响应进行修改,最后将修改后的响应体拷贝并响应给客户端,这样就实现了反向代理的整个流程。

NewSingleHostReverseProxy中源码已经对传入的URLs进行解析并且完成了Director的修改,我们只需要调用NewSingleHostReverseProxy函数并且传入目标服务器的URL即可,一个简单的反向代理就完成了啦。

代码

实例代码只涉及微服务中 userauth模块,可以根据实际需求自行修改部分

package mainimport ( 	"fmt" 	"log" 	"net/http" 	"net/http/httputil" 	"net/url" 	"strings")type handle struct { 	host string 	port string}type Service struct { 	auth *handle 	user *handle}func (this *Service) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { 	var remote *url.URL	if strings.Contains(r.RequestURI, "api/auth") { 		remote, _ = url.Parse("http://" + this.auth.host + ":" + this.auth.port) 	} else if strings.Contains(r.RequestURI, "api/user") { 		remote, _ = url.Parse("http://" + this.user.host + ":" + this.user.port) 	} else { 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "404 Not Found") 		return 	} 	proxy := httputil.NewSingleHostReverseProxy(remote) 	proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)}func startServer() { 	// 注册被代理的服务器 (host, port) 	service := &Service{ 		auth: &handle{host: "127.0.0.1", port: "8081"}, 		user: &handle{host: "127.0.0.1", port: "8082"}, 	} 	err := http.ListenAndServe(":8888", service) 	if err != nil { 		log.Fatalln("ListenAndServe: ", err) 	}}func main() { 	startServer()}

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